Hypothyroidism: Underactive Thyroid

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones (primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)). This deficiency can slow down many of the body’s functions, as thyroid hormones regulate metabolism and energy production.

Causes of Hypothyroidism:

1. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis:

An autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to its dysfunction. This is the most common cause of hypothyroidism.

2. Iodine Deficiency:

Iodine is necessary for thyroid hormone production. Lack of iodine in the diet can cause hypothyroidism, though this is rare in developed countries where iodine is added to salt.

3. Thyroid Surgery:

Removal of all or part of the thyroid gland due to conditions like thyroid cancer or goitre can result in hypothyroidism.

4. Radiation Treatment:

Radiation used to treat cancers in the head or neck can damage the thyroid and cause hypothyroidism.

5. Medications:

Certain medications, like lithium or amiodarone, can interfere with thyroid function.

6. Pituitary or Hypothalamic Disorders:

Problems with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus (parts of the brain that regulate thyroid function) can also lead to secondary hypothyroidism.

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism:

Because hypothyroidism slows down the body’s processes, symptoms may develop slowly and worsen over time. Common symptoms include:

• Fatigue or feeling sluggish
• Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
• Cold intolerance (feeling cold all the time)
• Dry skin and hair, thinning hair
• Constipation
• Depression or feelings of sadness
• Memory problems or difficulty concentrating (brain fog)
• Puffy face or swollen features, especially around the eyes
• Muscle weakness or joint pain
• Slow heart rate
• Heavy or irregular menstrual periods in women

Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism:

1. Blood Tests:

A common test is the measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. In hypothyroidism, TSH is typically elevated as the pituitary gland tries to compensate for the low thyroid hormone levels. Free T4 levels are usually low or normal, depending on the severity.

2. Antibody Tests:

If an autoimmune cause like Hashimoto's is suspected, thyroid antibodies may be tested.

Treatment of Hypothyroidism:

1. Thyroid Hormone Replacement:

The most common treatment is synthetic thyroid hormone (usually levothyroxine), which helps to normalize hormone levels and alleviate symptoms. Dosage may need to be adjusted over time based on follow-up blood tests.

 

Preventive Measures: 

While not all cases of hypothyroidism are preventable—especially those due to genetic or autoimmune causes—these strategies can help reduce your risk and promote optimal thyroid function:

• Maintain balanced iodine intake (not too little or too much).
• Eat a nutrient-dense diet rich in vitamins and minerals that support thyroid health.
• Manage stress and reduce exposure to environmental toxins.
• Monitor and manage autoimmune conditions, especially if you have a family history of thyroid disease.
• Get regular thyroid checkups, particularly if you are at higher risk for thyroid issues.

If you have symptoms of hypothyroidism (such as fatigue, weight gain, or cold intolerance), it’s important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and management. Early intervention with thyroid hormone replacement therapy can help manage the condition effectively.